Ratios used within the world of business - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 5 Words: 1385 Downloads: 8 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Business Essay Type Research paper Did you like this example? Current, Quick Cash Ratio CURRENT RATIO: FEBRUARY 2009 FEBRUARY 2008 FEBRUARY 2007 HOME DEPOT Inc. 1.20 1.15 1.39 INDUSTRY AVERAGE 1.18 1.07 1.08 QUICK RATIO: FEBRUARY 2009 FEBRUARY 2008 FEBRUARY 2007 HOME DEPOT Inc. 0.13 0.14 0.30 INDUSTRY AVERAGE 0.44 0.40 0.40 CASH RATIO: FEBRUARY 2009 FEBRUARY 2008 FEBRUARY 2007 HOME DEPOT Inc. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Ratios used within the world of business" essay for you Create order 0.05 0.04 0.05 INDUSTRY AVERAGE 0.18 0.16 0.14 Liquidity ratios depict the companys ability to pay its current obligations. Home Depot liquidity ratios show a strong liquidity position that is it can pay its bills on time with its additional capital. Current ratio measures the ability of the firm to pay its short-term obligations. Home Depot Inc. has its current ratio above the market average; this indicates that the company has excess money in cash or safe investments that could be invested in the business for better use. Quick ratio is defined as the companys ability to make payments on current obligations. Home Depot has a comparatively low quick ratio in recent years which indicates that the company relies heavily on its inventory to meet its short term obligations. Cash ratio depicts the availability of cash to cover short term debt and other obligations. The company has lower ratio compared to industry average in the last three years. ASSET MANAGEMENT RATIOS: Inventory, A/C Payable A/c Receivable Turnover INVENTORY TURNOVER: FEBRUARY 2009 FEBRUARY 2008 FEBRUARY 2007 HOME DEPOT Inc. 6.68 6.59 7.08 INDUSTRY AVERAGE 10.36 10.11 10.02 ACCOUNTS RECEIVABLES TURNOVER: FEBRUARY 2009 FEBRUARY 2008 FEBRUARY 2007 HOME DEPOT Inc. 73.34 61.44 28.18 INDUSTRY AVERAGE 26.06 24.52 23.94 ACCOUNTS PAYABLE TURNOVER: FEBRUARY 2009 FEBRUARY 2008 FEBRUARY 2007 HOME DEPOT Inc. 14.78 13.49 12.35 INDUSTRY AVERAGE 13.79 12.84 12.65 Home Depot has a higher inventory turnover ratio but it is much lower than the industry average. This shows that Home Depot is not managing its production, ware-housing and distribution of its product considering its present volume of sales. The company might be overstocking or carrying obsolete products compared to other firms in the same industry. Accounts receivable turnover gives a measure of how quickly credit sales are turned into cash. Home Depot has maintained a much higher accounts receivable ratio than its industry average indicating the company uses its credit, inventory and assets efficiently to conduct business better. It is collecting money from its credit sales much quickly than the other firms in the same industry. Management should maintain on the Home Depot credit terms and should continue managing its purchasing effort in an efficient manner. Similarly the accounts payable turnover ratio is increasing over the years and it exceeded the industry average. This indicates that the firm is paying off the suppliers at a faster pace compared to its competitor, which is a good sign. DEBT MANAGEMENT RATIOS: Debt-to-Equity, Debt-Capital Interest Coverage DEBT- EQUITY RATIO: FEBRUARY 2009 FEBRUARY 2008 FEBRUARY 2007 HOME DEPOT Inc. 0.64 0.76 0.47 INDUSTRY AVERAGE 0.52 0.63 0.51 DEBT- CAPITAL RATIO: FEBRUARY 2009 FEBRUARY 2008 FEBRUARY 2007 HOME DEPOT Inc. 0.39 0.43 0.32 INDUSTRY AVERAGE 0.34 0.38 0.34 INTEREST COVERAGE RATIO: FEBRUARY 2009 FEBRUARY 2008 FEBRUARY 2007 HOME DEPOT Inc. 6.75 10.51 24.74 INDUSTRY AVERAGE 9.26 6.22 10.34 Debt to equity ratio depicts the relative combination of the companys investor-supplied capital. Home Depot debt to equity ratio increased over time from 2007 to 2009 and its also above the industry average; this means that a higher proportion is not of owner-supplied capital and this is not indicated as safe. A high leverage ratio indicates greater exposure to risk and business downturns, but along the danger comes the possibility for higher returns. Debt should be between 50 and 80 percent of owne rs equity for the firm. Home Depot had a very high interest coverage ratio in 2007 which marks that company can handle its interest payments comfortably. Its interest coverage ratio dropped significantly by 2009 but it is still above the market average. A higher interest coverage ratio indicates that Home Depot is able to take on additional debt. Debt to capital ratio computes the companys capital that is generated by borrowing. Home Depot has been successful in maintaining its debt to capital ratio close to the industry average over the last three years hence sustaining its worth. The company depended upon borrowing to finance its operations. PROFITAB LITY RATIOS: EBIT Margin, Net Profit Margin, ROA ROE OPERATING PROFIT MARIN RATIO: FEBRUARY 2009 FEBRUARY 2008 FEBRUARY 2007 HOME DEPOT Inc. 6.11 9.36 10.65 INDUSTRY AVERAGE 7.37 5.66 8.72 NET PROFIT MARGIN: FEBRUARY 2009 FEBRUARY 2008 FEBRUARY 2007 HOME DEPOT Inc. 3.17 5.68 6.34 INDUSTRY AVERAGE 4.34 2.87 5.03 RETURN ON EQUITY (ROE): FEBRUARY 2009 FEBRUARY 2008 FEBRUARY 2007 HOME DEPOT Inc. 12.71 24.81 23.02 INDUSTRY AVERAGE 14.67 9.43 14.75 RETURN ON ASSETS (ROA): FEBRUARY 2009 FEBRUARY 2008 FEBRUARY 2007 HOME DEPOT Inc. 5.49 9.92 11.02 INDUSTRY AVERAGE 6.85 4.11 6.90 Operating profit margin ratio for the company dropped over the years this means that the proportion of a companys revenue left after paying for variable costs of production such as pays, raw materials, etc has decreased over the years. Home Depot is earning less per dollar of sales than its competitors.Net profit margin ratio for Home Depot decreased over the last three years and reached below the industry average in 2009. This indicates weak net profitability; hence there lies a problem with indirect operating expenses or non-operating items, such as interest expense. Decrease in net profitability shows the declining effectiveness of management. Return on equity ratio of Home Depot Inc. decreased drastically from 2008 to 2009 and now it is above the industry average. A high return on equity comparing to its competitors indicates that the company is spending intelligently and is likely to be profitable. High returns on equity results in higher stock prices. Return on assets ratio decreased significantly over the recent years and in 2009 it was below the industry average. This means that the company is not effectively converting the money it has into net income. Home Depot should intelligently utilize its assets to fund its operations. MARKET BASED RATIOS: P/E, P/S and P/B Multiples PRICE TO EARNINGS RATIO: FEBRUARY 2009 FEBRUARY 2008 FEBRUARY 2007 HOME DEPOT Inc. 18.59 11.24 12.59 INDUSTRY AVERAGE 15.06 22.07 16.60 PRICE TO SALES RATIO: FEBRUARY 2009 FEBRUARY 2008 FEBRUARY 2007 HOME DEPOT Inc. 0.59 0.64 0.80 INDUSTRY AVERAGE 0.65 0.63 0.83 PRICE TO BOOK VALUE RATIO: FEBRUARY 2009 FEBRUARY 2008 FEBRUARY 2007 HOME DEPOT Inc. 2.36 2.79 2.90 INDUSTRY AVERAGE 2.21 2.08 2.45 For Home Depot Inc. price to earning ratio increased over years and it was above the industry average in 2009. In general it suggests that investors going to expectÂÂ  higher earningsÂÂ  growthÂÂ  in the future than its competitors. Home Depot price to sales ratio decreased over the recent years and it is now below the industry average. A low P/S ratio characterize Home Depot Inc. with the potential for an important turnaround because sales are already being completed and t here is only need for improvement in the margin the company is able to earn on each unit of sales. There is a small change in Home Depot price to book value ratio over the last three years and it is constantly above the industry average. A higher P/B ratio compare to the industry could mean that the stock is overvalued. The DuPont identity combines ROA ROE into a three part analysis: ROE = Net Income x Sales x Total Assets Sales Total Assets Owners Equity Home Depot Inc.s total assets declined from over the last years. Revenues also represented a declining trend 2008 to 2010. Home Depot Inc.s net income (loss) declined from 2008 onwards but then slightly increased from 2009 to 2010. Home Depot Inc.s total stockholders equity increased over the last three years from 2007 to 2010. Hence using the DuPont equation it is computed that Home Depot Inc.s ROE deteriorated from 2008 to 2009 but then slightly improved from 2009 to 2010. Home Depot Inc.s ROA also depicted the simila r trend which deteriorated from 2008 to 2009 but then slightly improved from 2009 to 2010. APPENDIX 1 LIQUIDITY RATIOS CURRENT RATIO: FEBRUARY 2009 FEBRUARY 2008 FEBRUARY 2007 HOME DEPOT Inc. 1.20 1.15 1.39 INDUSTRY AVERAGE 1.18 1.07 1.08 QUICK RATIO: FEBRUARY 2009 FEBRUARY 2008 FEBRUARY 2007 HOME DEPOT Inc. 0.13 0.14 0.30 INDUSTRY AVERAGE 0.44 0.40 0.40 CASH RATIO: FEBRUARY 2009 FEBRUARY 2008 FEBRUARY 2007 HOME DEPOT Inc. 0.05 0.04 0.05 INDUSTRY AVERAGE 0.18 0.16 0.14 ASSET MANAGEMENT RATIOS: INVENTORY TURNOVER: FEBRUARY 2009 FEBRUARY 2008 FEBRUARY 2007 HOME DEPOT Inc. 6.68 6.59 7.08 INDUSTRY AVERAGE 10.36 10.11 10.02 ACCOUNTS RECEIVABLES TURNOVER: FEBRUARY 2009 FEBRUARY 2008 FEBRUARY 2007 HOME DEPOT Inc. 73.34 61.44 28.18 INDUSTRY AVERAGE 26.06 24.52 23.94 ACCOUNTS PAYABLE TURNOVER: FEBRUARY 2009 FEBRUARY 2008 FEBRUARY 2007 HOME DEPOT Inc. 14.78 13.49 12.35 INDUSTRY AVERAGE 13.79 12.84 12.65 DEBT MANAGEMENT RATIOS: DEBT- EQUITY RATIO: FEBRUARY 2009 FEBRUARY 2008 FEBRUARY 2007 HOME DEPOT Inc. 0.64 0.76 0.47 INDUSTRY AVERAGE 0.52 0.63 0.51 DEBT- CAPITAL RATIO: FEBRUARY 2009 FEBRUARY 2008 FEBRUARY 2007 HOME DEPOT Inc. 0.39 0.43 0.32 INDUSTRY AVERAGE 0.34 0.38 0.34 INTEREST COVERAGE RATIO: FEBRUARY 2009 FEBRUARY 2008 FEBRUARY 2007 HOME DEPOT Inc. 6.75 10.51 24.74 INDUSTRY AVERAGE 9.26 6.22 10.34 PROFITABILITY RATIOS: OPERATING PROFIT MARIN RATIO: FEBRUARY 2009 FEBRUARY 2008 FEBRUARY 2007 HOME DEPOT Inc. 6.11 9.36 10.65 INDUSTRY AVERAGE 7.37 5.66 8.72 NET PROFIT MARGIN: FEBRUARY 2009 FEBRUARY 2008 FEBRUARY 2007 HOME DEPOT Inc. 3.17 5.68 6.34 INDUSTRY AVERAGE 4.34 2.87 5.03 RETURN ON EQUITY (ROE): FEBRUARY 2009 FEBRUARY 2008 FEBRUARY 2007 HOME DEPOT Inc. 12.71 24.81 23.02 INDUSTRY AVERAGE 14.67 9.43 14.75 RETURN ON ASSETS (ROA): FEBRUARY 2009 FEBRUARY 2008 FEBRUARY 2007 HOME DEPOT Inc. 5.49 9.92 11.02 INDUSTRY AVERAGE 6.85 4.11 6.90 MARKET BASED RATIOS: PRICE TO EARNINGS RATIO: FEBRUARY 2009 FEBRUARY 2008 FEBRUARY 2007 HOME DEPOT Inc. 18.59 11.24 12.59 INDUSTRY AVERAGE 15.06 22.07 16.60 PRICE TO SALES RATIO: FEBRUARY 2009 FEBRUARY 2008 FEBRUARY 2007 HOME DEPOT Inc. 0.59 0.64 0.80 INDUSTRY AVERAGE 0.65 0.63 0.83 PRICE TO BOOK VALUE RATIO: FEBRUARY 2009 FEBRUARY 2008 FEBRUARY 2007 HOME DEPOT Inc. 2.36 2.79 2.90 INDUSTRY AVERAGE 2.21 2.08 2.45

The Second Amendment And The Amendment - 948 Words

The Second Amendment â€Å"A well regulated Militia, being necessary to the security of a free State, the right of the people to keep and bear Arms, shall not be infringed.† A paltry twenty-seven words, present in the 2nd Amendment to the United States Constitution, have been a major focal point of the seemingly endless debate over whether, and for what purposes, US citizens have a right to own firearms. Positions vary wildly from those that hold these words to mean citizens have the right to violent revolt to those that believe they only allow the United States Armed Forces to exist, as well as a multitude of positions in between. The two primary positions presented on this issue are generally referred to as the â€Å"individual rights† and â€Å"states’ rights† positions (â€Å"Second†). The â€Å"individual rights† position posits that the amendment was written to secure private citizens’ personal right to own firearms as they see fit. This conclusion is generally concluded by looking at the rest of the Bill of Rights as well as many personal writings of the framers of the Constitution. The Bill of Rights was originally written due to issues many states brought forth concerning the power of the federal government to restrict personal liberties. These ten amendments were meant to enshrine certain liberties into the constitution (â€Å"Bill†). Each amendment in the Bill of Rights exists to ensure individuals maintain freedoms deemed important enough to directly block the government from taking. TheShow MoreRelatedThe Second Amendment And The Amendment903 Words   |  4 PagesThe truth to the statement that â€Å"Texas has a love affair with the 2nd amendment more than any of the other amendments† is circumstantial depending on the interpretation of the 2nd amendment. The second amendment is the most challenged amendment because it is so vaguely worded and not straight forward. 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I will present what the Fourth Amendment is, what the rights of the individual are as stated in the Fourth Amendment, what limitations may be held within the Fourth Amendment, what must be included within the warrant, and more. I decided to write on this topic as I believe that it is important for us as citizens to knowRead MoreThe First Amendment : The Second Amendment2464 Words   |  10 PagesThe Second Amendment Ever since the beginning of American Revolution in April 1775, Americans have sought to create a nation with no ties to the British monarch and create and more, perfect union. They decided to create a democratic, republic government consisting of voted officials voted by the people, governed by a system of checks and balances with limited powers and the purpose of providing protection and services to its citizens. However, The Founding Fathers believed that should the governmentRead MoreThe Second Amendment1407 Words   |  6 Pagesliberty to obtain a little temporary safety, deserve neither liberty nor safety.† This quote from Benjamin Franklin illustrates how an emphasis on safety can drastically reduce the freedoms enjoyed by citizens of the United States, especially the Second Amendment of the U.S. Constitution which states that â€Å"...the right of the people to keep and bear arms shall not be infringed.† However, with active shooter situations such as Columbine; the Tucson, Arizona shootings, which nearly killed former RepresentativeRead MoreThe Second Amendment1080 Words   |  5 Pagesdirect violation of the Fifth Amendment. If the authorities already had the same evidence they were asking for it would have served no purpose if the drives were decrypted. If the drives did in fact contain the content that the prosecutor claimed to be on the drives and that information would have been used as evidence against the suspect, so the suspect had every legal right to refuse tho give up the passwords. The fact that the suspect invoked his Fifth Amendment rights in which he refused to provideRead MoreThe Fourth Amendment And The Second Amendment1694 Words   |  7 PagesThe Fourth Amendment was passed by Congress on September 25, 1789. However, it was ratified on December 15, 1791. The Fourth Amendment is part of the first 10 Amendments which form the Bill of Rights. The Fourth Amendment is made to protect people from unlawful searches and seizu res. This means that the police can t search a person’s house without a warrant or probable cause. The founders of the Fourth amendment believed that freedom from government intrusion into one’s home is a natural right

In Electricity Generation, an Electric Generator Is a Device Free Essays

Electric generator In  electricity generation, an  electric generator  is a device that converts  mechanical energy  to  electrical energy. A generator forces  electric charge  (usually carried by  electrons) to flow through an external  electrical circuit. It is analogous to a  water pump, which causes water to flow (but does not create water). We will write a custom essay sample on In  Electricity Generation, an  Electric Generator  Is a Device or any similar topic only for you Order Now The  source of mechanical energy  may be a reciprocating or turbine  steam engine, water falling through a  turbine or waterwheel, an  internal combustion engine, a  wind turbine, a hand  crank,  compressed air  or any other source of mechanical energy. The reverse conversion of electrical energy into mechanical energy is done by an  electric motor, and motors and generators have many similarities. In fact many motors can be mechanically driven to generate electricity, and very frequently make acceptable generators. ———-Historical developments Before the connection between  magnetism  and  electricity  was discovered,  electrostatic generators  were invented that used  electrostaticprinciples. These generated very high  voltages  and low  currents. They operated by using moving  electrically charged  belts, plates and disks to carry charge to a high potential electrode. The charge was generated using either of two mechanisms: * Electrostatic induction * The  triboelectric effect, where the contact between two insulators leaves them charged. Because of their inefficiency and the difficulty of  insulating  machines producing very high voltages, electrostatic generators had low power ratings and were never used for generation of commercially significant quantities of electric power. The  Wimshurst machine  and  Van de Graaff generator  are examples of these machines that have survived. Faraday’s disk In the years of 1831–1832,  Michael Faraday  discovered the operating principle of electromagnetic generators. The principle, later calledFaraday’s law, is that an  electromotive force  is generated in an electrical conductor that encircles a varying  magnetic flux. He also built the first electromagnetic generator, called the  Faraday disk, a type of  homopolar generator, using a  copper  disc rotating between the poles of a horseshoe  magnet. It produced a small DC voltage. This design was inefficient due to self-cancelling counterflows of current in regions not under the influence of the magnetic field. While current was induced directly underneath the magnet, the current would circulate backwards in regions outside the influence of the magnetic field. This counterflow limits the power output to the pickup wires and induces waste heating of the copper disc. Later homopolar generators would solve this problem by using an array of magnets arranged around the disc perimeter to maintain a steady field effect in one current-flow direction. Another disadvantage was that the output voltage was very low, due to the single current path through the magnetic flux. Experimenters found that using multiple turns of wire in a coil could produce higher more useful voltages. Since the output voltage is proportional to the number of turns, generators could be easily designed to produce any desired voltage by varying the number of turns. Wire windings became a basic feature of all subsequent generator designs. Dynamo The  dynamo  was the first electrical generator capable of delivering power for industry. The dynamo uses  electromagnetic  principles to convert mechanical rotation intopulsed DC  through the use of a  commutator. The first dynamo was built by  Hippolyte Pixii  in 1832. Through a series of accidental discoveries, the dynamo became the source of many later inventions, including the DC  electric motor, the AC  alternator, the AC  synchronous motor, and the  rotary converter. A dynamo machine consists of a stationary structure, which provides a constant magnetic field, and a set of rotating windings which turn within that field. On small machines the constant magnetic field may be provided by one or more permanent magnets; larger machines have the constant magnetic field provided by one or more electromagnets, which are usually called field coils. Large power generation dynamos are now rarely seen due to the now nearly universal use of  alternating current  for power distribution and  solid state  electronic AC to DC power conversion. But before the principles of AC were discovered, very large direct-current dynamos were the only means of power generation and distribution. Now power generation dynamos are mostly a curiosity. Alternator Without a  commutator, a dynamo becomes an  alternator, which is a  synchronous singly fed generator. When used to feed anelectric power grid, an alternator must always operate at a constant speed that is precisely synchronized to the electrical frequency of the power grid. A DC generator can operate at any speed within mechanical limits, but always outputs direct current. Typical alternators use a rotating field winding excited with direct current, and a stationary (stator) winding that produces alternating current. Since the rotor field only requires a tiny fraction of the power generated by the machine, the brushes for the field contact can be relatively small. In the case of a brushless exciter, no brushes are used at all and the rotor shaft carries rectifiers to excite the main field winding. MHD generator Main article:  MHD generator A magnetohydrodynamic generator directly extracts electric power from moving hot gases through a magnetic field, without the use of rotating electromagnetic machinery. MHD generators were originally developed because the output of a plasma MHD generator is a flame, well able to heat the boilers of a  steam  power plant. The first practical design was the AVCO Mk. 25, developed in 1965. The U. S. government funded substantial development, culminating in a 25 MW demonstration plant in 1987. In the  Soviet Union  from 1972 until the late 1980s, the MHD plant U 25 was in regular commercial operation on the Moscow power system with a rating of 25 MW, the largest MHD plant rating in the world at that time. [2]  MHD generators operated as a  topping cycle  are currently (2007) less efficient than combined-cycle  gas turbines. ————————————————- Terminology The two main parts of a generator or motor can be described in either echanical or electrical terms. Mechanical: * Rotor: The rotating part of an  electrical machine * Stator: The stationary part of an electrical machine Electrical: * Armature: The power-producing component of an electrical machine. In a generator, alternator, or d ynamo the armature windings generate the electric current. The armature can be on either the rotor or the stator. * Field: The magnetic field component of an electrical machine. The magnetic field of the dynamo or alternator can be provided by either electromagnets or permanent magnets mounted on either the rotor or the stator. Because power transferred into the field circuit is much less than in the armature circuit, AC generators nearly always have the field winding on the rotor and the stator as the armature winding. Only a small amount of field current must be transferred to the moving rotor, using  slip rings. Direct current machines (dynamos) require a  commutator  on the rotating shaft to convert the  alternating current  produced by the armature to  direct current, so the armature winding is on the rotor of the machine. ————————————————- Excitation An electric generator or electric motor that uses field coils rather than permanent magnets requires a current to be present in the field coils for the device to be able to work. If the field coils are not powered, the rotor in a generator can spin without producing any usable electrical energy, while the rotor of a motor may not spin at all. Smaller generators are sometimes  self-excited, which means the field coils are powered by the current produced by the generator itself. The field coils are connected in series or parallel with the armature winding. When the generator first starts to turn, the small amount of  remanent magnetism  present in the iron core provides a magnetic field to get it started, generating a small current in the armature. This flows through the field coils, creating a larger magnetic field which generates a larger armature current. This â€Å"bootstrap† process continues until the magnetic field in the core levels off due to  saturation  and the generator reaches a steady state power output. Very large power station generators often utilize a separate smaller generator to excite the field coils of the larger. In the event of a severe widespread  power outage  where  islanding  of power stations has occurred, the stations may need to perform a  black start  to excite the fields of their largest generators, in order to restore customer power service. ————————————————- Equivalent circuit The equivalent circuit of a generator and load is shown in the diagram to the right. The generator’s  VG  and  RG  parameters can be determined by measuring the winding resistance (corrected to operating temperature), and measuring the open-circuit and loaded voltage for a defined current load. ———————————————— [edit]Vehicle-mounted generators Early motor vehicles until about the 1960s tended to use DC generators with electromechanical regulators. These have now been replaced byalternators  with built-in  rectifier  circuits, which are less costly and lighter for equivalent output. Moreover, the power output of a DC generator is proportional to rotational speed, whereas the power output of an alternator is independent of rotational speed. As a result, the charging output of an alternator at engine idle speed can be much greater than that of a DC generator. Automotive alternators power the electrical systems on the vehicle and recharge the  battery  after starting. Rated output will typically be in the range 50-100 A at 12 V, depending on the designed electrical load within the vehicle. Some cars now have electrically powered  steering assistance  and  air conditioning, which places a high load on the electrical system. Large commercial vehicles are more likely to use 24 V to give sufficient power at the  starter motor  to turn over a largediesel engine. Vehicle alternators do not use permanent magnets and are typically only 50-60% efficient over a wide speed range. [4]Motorcycle alternators often use permanent magnet  stators  made with  rare earth  magnets, since they can be made smaller and lighter than other types. See also  hybrid vehicle. Some of the smallest generators commonly found power  bicycle lights. These tend to be 0. 5 ampere, permanent-magnet alternators supplying 3-6 W at 6 V or 12 V. Being powered by the rider, efficiency is at a premium, so these may incorporate  rare-earth magnets  and are designed and manufactured with great precision. Nevertheless, the maximum efficiency is only around 80% for the best of these generators—60% is more typical—due in part to the rolling friction at the  tyre–generator  interface from poor alignment, the small size of the generator, bearing losses and cheap design. The use of permanent magnets means that efficiency falls even further at high speeds because the magnetic field strength cannot be controlled in any way. Hub dynamos  remedy many of these flaws since they are internal to the bicycle hub and do not require an interface between the generator and tyre. Until recently, these generators have been expensive and hard to find. Major bicycle component manufacturers like Shimano and SRAM have only just entered this market. However, significant gains can be expected in future as cycling becomes more mainstream transportation and LED technology allows brighter lighting at the reduced current these generators are capable of providing. Sailing yachts may use a water or wind powered generator to trickle-charge the batteries. A small  propeller,  wind turbine  or  impeller  is connected to a low-power alternator and rectifier to supply currents of up to 12 A at typical cruising speeds. Still smaller generators are used in  micropower  applications. ———————————————— Engine-generator An  engine-generator  is the combination of an electrical generator and an  engine  (prime mover) mounted together to form a single piece of self-contained equipment. The engines used are usually piston e ngines, but gas turbines can also be used. Many different versions are available – ranging from very small portable  petrol  powered sets to large turbine installations. ————————————————- Human powered electrical generators A generator can also be driven by human muscle power (for instance, in field radio station equipment). Human powered direct current generators are commercially available, and have been the project of some  DIY  enthusiasts. Typically operated by means of pedal power, a converted bicycle trainer, or a foot pump, such generators can be practically used to charge batteries, and in some cases are designed with an integral inverter. The average adult could generate about 125-200 watts on a pedal powered generator, but at a power of 200 W, a typical healthy human will reach complete exhaustion and fail to produce any more power after approximately 1. 3 hours. 6]Portable radio receivers with a crank are made to reduce battery purchase requirements, see  clockwork radio. During the mid 20th century, pedal powered radios were used throughout the Australian outback, to provide schooling,(school of the air) medical and other needs in remote stations and towns. ————————————————- L inear electric generator In the simplest form of linear electric generator, a sliding  magnet  moves back and forth through a  solenoid  Ã¢â‚¬â€œ a spool of copper wire. Analternating current  is induced in the loops of wire by  Faraday’s law of induction  each time the magnet slides through. This type of generator is used in the  Faraday flashlight. Larger linear electricity generators are used in  wave power  schemes. ————————————————- Tachogenerator Tachogenerators are frequently used to power  tachometers  to measure the speeds of electric motors, engines, and the equipment they power. Generators generate voltage roughly proportional to shaft speed. With precise construction and design, generators can be built to produce very precise voltages for certain ranges of shaft speeds How to cite In  Electricity Generation, an  Electric Generator  Is a Device, Essay examples

Memory Exercises Essay Sample free essay sample

Memory is a really of import facet of our lives. Without memory we would hold to relearn everything we do on a day-to-day footing from eating. to brushing our dentitions. to speaking. to driving and so on. It would be practically impossible for us to carry through anything! Besides our bing memories it is besides of import for us to be able to organize new memories so that we can larn information and be productive. Michael seems to hold an issue organizing new memories and deriving information. He is burying a batch of little things such as the food market list and in larning stuff such as at the conference. From the information given. though. it seems that he has a batch of emphasis in his life right now. He is concerned about the security of his occupation. upset about the fact that he may be excessively old to do the calling alteration to his ain pattern. We will write a custom essay sample on Memory Exercises Essay Sample or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page and because of his occupation he may be confronting a divorce. These are all important concerns at this point in his life. I believe that in Michael’s instance there are two things traveling on. The first is that he is being distracted by the jobs in his life and hence unable to concentrate. The 2nd thing that I believe is traveling on is that because of his distractions his head is non able to remain in a province of directed attending and alternatively is often exchanging back into fluxing consciousness. Directed attending is when â€Å"attention is intentionally focused on the present stimulation or inner thoughts† where fluxing consciousness is a â€Å"dreamlike attending that is focused more on inward ideas. † ( Donnelan. 2011. pg 13-14 ) Working memory can be described with a expression â€Å"working memory = short term memory content + procedure for retrieving ( attending ) . † ( Donnelan. 2011. pg 2 ) In other words. working memory is comprised of the information being input into our short term memory such as in a talk and of our directed attending. Both of these are required because without the content in our short term memory we would hold nil to work with and without the attending so there isn’t any focal point to set the informatio n to utilize. It is required that information goes through the on the job memory before it of all time reaches our long term memory. Since our encephalons can merely keep seven points ( give or take two ) in our short term memory it is necessary that the information be encoded into our long term memory for later retrieval. Since Michael has a batch of emphasis in his life. those stressors are taking up a batch of his clip. emotions. and attending doing it hard to concentrate on anything else or give his attending to another affair. When it came to the food market list. his married woman gave him the information and he was able to reiterate it back to her so the information had entered his encephalon but because he was most likely distracted and hence non giving his full attending to the list. it didn’t acquire to travel through a dry run cringle adequate times to be encoded into his long term memory. Since the points on the list were non in his long term memory he besides wholly forgot about the shop at all. With the conference. he was most likely hearing all of the information in the talk but was in a prov ince of fluxing consciousness alternatively of directed attending so any information his encephalon took in was instantly forgotten. This province of fluxing consciousness was most likely brought on by concern for his occupation and personal life. The notes he had are likely a consequence of the teacher doing of import points obvious so Michael was brought back to directed attending long plenty to jot down a few things and so went right back to fluxing consciousness. There are a batch of things that Michael could make in order to better his memory. The first two things I would urge are marriage guidance and holding a 2nd occupation lined up in instance the current 1 falls through. I suggest these things foremost because they are evidently the issues that are doing his preoccupation and therefore his deficiency of attending to other of import affairs at manus. Lining up a 2nd occupation will assist with his current work state of affairs because he will be less stressed about the thought of losing his occupation and non being able to supply for himself or his household. Right now he has all of his eggs in one basket and he needs to divide them a small spot. The matrimony guidance is evidently to assist with his relationship with his married woman. Possibly through reding she will see what sort of emphasis he is under and will be more understanding. Once he has his married woman endorsing him up once more I’m sure he will be less stressed. Those things are non traveling to go on instantly though so it is besides of import to work on memory schemes until his emphasis is lessened or gone. The first thing I would propose making is taking notes of the smaller things in his life so that he will be less likely to bury. For case with the food market list. if he had had a physical list he most likely wouldn’t have forgotten to travel to the shop because he would hold had something touchable to remind him. He surely wouldn’t have forgotten the points his married woman asked him to recover. This will besides assist with his to make list throughout the twenty-four hours. I’m certain if his memory jobs are severe plenty so he is burying other things that need to be done. With a to make list he will. once more. hold something touchable that he can look into off and do sure he has gotten to everything. Another opti on I might propose to him is journaling. Through journaling he will be able to alleviate some of the emphasis that he is traveling to and be able to work through his emotions. If his married woman is endangering divorce so he may non hold anyone that he can turn to and acquiring his feelings and ideas out on paper should be good for him. I besides think journaling will assist his memory because he may hold something hidden in his head that he wasn’t able to recover but in the procedure of composing down the day’s events and emotions he may be able to remember excess things from his twenty-four hours. The last thing I would propose is to work on mystifiers. With a mystifier such as a crossword a individual is required to utilize the on the job memory. short term memory. and even long term memory. Michael would be required to concentrate his attending and read the inquiries. While seeking for an reply he would be drawing information from his long term memory and running it through his short term seeking to happen a solution. I think this would be a great exercising for him to finish. As shown here by Michael. our memory is really of import in our twenty-four hours to twenty-four hours lives. It is of import that we maintain our encephalons working in order to be able to recover all of the information that is stored at that place. Everyone has experienced a clip in their lives where they were highly stressed and were unable to concentrate and invariably felt like they were merely drifting through life. During those times we must retrieve that no affair what our mental province is. there is still information being presented that needs to be processed. We have now learned multiple tools for maintaining the emphasis at bay and working our memories when that merely isn’t possible. Mentions Donnelan. E. ( 2011 ) . PS-200. Unpublished manuscript ( -4 ) .